Domestic Violence Against Women In India Sociology Essay

interior(prenominal) ferocity Against Women In India Sociology Essay domestic furiousness is an coiffe of physical, sexual or psychological abuse once against a woman by someone who is intimately connected to her through marriage, family relation or acquaintanceship. It has its roots in the patriarchal set up of the society. Women pitch always been considered to be the weaker sex. Right from the later Vedic age to the 21st century, Indian women aim never experienced the freedom that men have. They have always been subjected to inequality. The subordinate locating of women combined with patriarchal ideologies is a major cause of home(prenominal) fierceness. According to United Nation Population Fund Report, near two-third of married Indian women be victims of Domestic personnel attacks. To protect women against Domestic Violence, the Parliament passed The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 According to this act, any woman who has been subjected to intern al violence can file a complaint to the police officer, protection officer or the magist ramble in the form of Domestic Incident Report, which is similar to an FIR. However, this act is not enough. In light of the increasing instances of interior(prenominal) violence against women, the government needs to take more stringent measures to reduce the preponderance of domesticated suspensor violence against women.ObjectivesThe objectives of this project are as follows-What is the magnitude of domestic violence against women in India? What is the prevalence of physical, sexual and psychological abuse against Indian women?What community and families are associated with domestic violence against women? Whether domestic violence is more prevalent in the higher or in the lower strata of the society.MethodologyHypothesis The prevalence of Domestic Violence against women is an indication of patriarchal ideologiesThe survey was conducted in Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Ahm adabad in 2012. The survey includes forty women who represent variant families culturally as well socially i.e. they belong to different stratus of the society. The study is based mainly on quantitative data. It has attempt to get empirically sound and statistically reliable data regarding the physical, sexual and psychological abuse against women. Qualitative methodology has been used to interpret and analyze the data collected.Review of LiteratureBehind Closed Doors by Rinki Bhattacharya is one of the few books which exploit with Domestic Violence against women in India. This book contains narratives by seventeen women who have been the victims of domestic violence. These women have hand overed immense courage in sharing their stories. These heart- wrenching narratives bring home the fact that domestic violence is still very prevalent and that no amount of privilege can protect women from abuse. A documentary moving-picture show called Char Diwari was make on this book. The fact that this documentary has been telecasted only twice and that too at midnight shows that such issues are still not brought out able in the public.This book also contains essays by eminent feminists and other sociologists who have tried to analyze the phenomenon of Domestic Violence. What they really try to say is that in a country like India, where people worship the female power of Shakti in the form of goddess, why should women be subjected to domestic violence?Then there are further essays which deal with the loopholes in the domestic violence bill. The book ends with a road map to support the victims of domestic violence. This book should definitely be learn by those who wish to bring about a change in d position of the women in the society.There is a case study on domestic violence against women in Nagpur. This Case Study has been conducted by International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (INCLEN). On the basis of the survey conducted, it was found out that just about sixty- two percent of the women have been subjected to some form of domestic violence. Most of these women have been the victims of psychological abuse (60.2 % as compared to 37.9 % of the women being subjected to physical abuse ). tenner percent of these women left their economises simply most of them had to return since their natal families refused to accept them. There is still a social stigma attached to leaving your husband and the root cause of this is the patriarchal ideologies which are still widespread today.Another Case Study deals with domestic violence in Kerala. This has been conducted by Centre for Womens Studies and Development, Kerala. some fifty five percent of the women admit being subjected to domestic violence. In Kerala most of the women have been victimized collectable to issues related to dowry. Like in Nagpur, psychological abuse is very high in Kerala. (54.23% as compared to 32.4% of thee women who are subjected to physical violence). In Kerala the lit eracy rate is almost 100 percent, yet women are victimized. What does this show? It again goes back to the patriarchal ideologies that have existed since time immemorial.Results and Interpretation of DataTable 1 Socio Demographic Profile nub40higher(prenominal) STRATA OF THE SOCIETY27LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY13AGE (in years) fair sex RespondentHusband323633373135EDUCATIONWoman RespondentIlliteratePrimary ( 1-5 )Secondary ( 6-12 )12HusbandIlliteratePrimary ( 1-5)Secondary ( 6-12 )124672304828005220022546210463EMPLOYMENTWoman RespondentUnemployedEmployedHusbandUnemployedEmployed272363417100274967This table shows that literacy rate is lower among the woman respondents as compared to their husbands. The overall employment rate is higher among the husbands. However as far as the lower strata of the society is concerned, more women are employed than men.Now we come to the prevalence of domestic violence. initial the researcher will deal with the women of the higher strata of the societ y. 20 out of 27 women have admitted to being subjected to domestic violence by their husbands. Out of these 20 women, 12 have been physically abused, 5 psychologically and 3 sexually. As far as the women of the lower strata are concerned all the 13 of them have been subjected to domestic violence. Out of these women, 8 are physically abused, 3 psychologically and 2 sexually.Graph showing the prevalence of Domestic Violence.Table 2 will show the lifetime physical abuse and Table 3 will show the lifetime psychological abuse.Table 2 Lifetime Physical Abuse -TOTAL(20)HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY(12)LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY(8)Slap1183Kick835Weapon110Table 3 Lifetime Psychological Abuse-TOTAL(8)HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY(5)LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY(3)Insulted532Demeaned220Unfaithful101Now the researcher would like to draw your attention to the reasons as to why these women are subjected to domestic violence. Table 4 shows some of the reasons identified by these women.Table 4 Reason s as to why women are subjected to domestic violence-TOTAL33HIGHER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY20LOWER STRATA OF THE SOCIETY13Not Cooking Properly18135Not Looking after the kinfolk541Harassment due to Dowry431Talking to Other Men606It is evident from the survey that Domestic Violence is extremely prevalent especially in the lower strata of the society. There is an inverse relationship between socio economic status and domestic violence. Both Education and Employment is also significant for physical and psychological violence. It is seen that women with lower education but better employment than their husbands are subjected to great domestic violence. This is the case in the lower strata of the society. As far as the higher strata is concerned, it is generally the lesser educated and the unemployed women who are subjected to the wrath of their husbands. jural Measures for Domestic Violence against women In IndiaIn India not much has been done to protect the rights of women. Women have bee n the victims of domestic violence since time immemorial, but the Domestic Violence Act was passed by the parliament as late as 2005. It was passed in the furtherance of the recommendations of the United Nations committee on the CEDAW. The following abuses are covered by this act-Physical abuseSexual abuseVerbal and emotional abuseEconomic abuseThis act provides women a right to stay in her matrimonial house, even if she does not have ownership rights over the house. Basically a husband cannot throw his wife out of his house. However her rights will excrete only to her husbands properties and not to the properties of her in-laws.Under this act, a woman has the right to ask for help and protection. A victim of domestic abuse has the right to seek the help and services of police officers, protection homes, service providers, shelter homes and medical establishments. She also has the right to lodge a complaint under section 498 of the Indian punishable Code for matrimonial cruelty.Und er this act, a woman can get the following orders issued in her favour-Protection OrderResidence OrdersMonetary stand-inCustody OrdersCompensation OrdersInterim and Ex parte OrdersIf the respondent is found to be guilty, he can be imprisoned for a term which may slip away to one year or can be charged a fine which may extend to Rs 20,000 or both. He may also be asked to provide monetary relief to the victim and her children. In the latter situation, he has to pay compensation damages as well. He has to abide by the arrangements made by the court regarding the custody of the victims children.Drawbacks of the Legal MeasuresThe Act is mainly criticized on the grounds that it is not backed up properly. There is no effort by the government to implement it effectively. Important factors such as the appointment and the training of the protection officers, police officers, service providers, counselors, and judicial officers have been ignored. The authorities lack the enterprisingness to spread awareness. Moreover there is improper budgetary allocation. Most states have still not appointed the Protection Officers. In some states, where Protection Officers have been appointed, they are not aware of their duties and the legal remedies that are available to the victims of domestic violence. Another drawback is that that the act has not been publicized properly. The helpline numbers available to the victims have not been publicized properly. As a result, sometimes domestic violence goes unreported because the victim does not know whom to turn to for help. In some cases, the violence is reported, but no case is filed in the court. There is a big difference in the number of cases that are reported and the number of cases which are actually hear in the court. These are the drawbacks of the legal measures.Remedial MeasuresA crucial question in the light of the increasing instances of domestic violence is that what should be done to hold up and reduce it. As responsible ci tizens should we just sit and read articles and collect information about domestic violence or should we raise our voices against it?Today Domestic Violence is being viewed as an epidemic disease which needs to be controlled. Many Law agencies, Governmental and Non Governmental Organizations, public and private bodies are working(a) for this cause.We need more stringent laws to curb domestic violence. At present we do not have a single law in the Indian Constitution which effectively deals with the issue of Domestic Violence. Even section 498 A of the Indian Penal Code and The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 have been misused because of the certified definition of the abuse that women are subjected to. As a result we need more stringent laws to protect the rights of women.There are several NGOs which are actively working in issues relating to women abuse. These NGOs need to spread awareness among women regarding the legal remedies that are available to them. They should encourage more and more women to come forward and report instances of domestic violence so that necessary action can be interpreted against the culprit.The Police and the Protection Officers need to be sensitized. They need to take Domestic Violence as seriously as other offences. They need to be made aware of their legal duties and the remedies that are available to the victims. Moreover care has to be taken to appoint efficient men as Police and Protection Officers. Gender training should me made mandatory.Steps need to be taken to recognize Domestic Violence as a public health. Training needs to be provided so as to develop the skills of the professionals to provide the basic support to the victims of domestic violence. reenforcement on the health consequences of domestic violence should me made so as to spread awareness.Lastly the patriarchal mindset of the people has to be changed. Until and unless women are wedded due respect in the society, no amount of laws will be helpful. The root cau se of domestic violence is patriarchal ideologies and that needs to be changed. terminalThe study underlines that the situation of Indian women is quite severe in terms of the violence they experience in the marital home. Women are subject to frequent and seven-fold forms of violence in their lifetime. The main cause of this is the patriarchal mindset of the people. Men have always considered themselves to be the superior sex and have always tried to overpower women. Generally women do not raise their voices against men because they have been taught to believe that they are the inferior sex. In conclusion, it can be said that the hypothesis- The prevalence of Domestic Violence against women is an indication of patriarchal ideologies has been proved and a social reformation needs to be brought about soon.QuestionnaireThe women were asked the following questionsName geezerhoodHusbands AgeEducational QualificationEducational qualification of the husbandEmploymentHusbands occupationAny Physical Violence?Slapped by the husband?Kicked by the husband? apply or threatened to use a weapon?Any Sexual Violence?Any Psychological Violence?Insulted by the husband?Demeaned by the husband?Was the husband unfaithful?Reasons for the violence as identified by the woman.Not cooking properlyNot looking after the householdHarassment due to dowryTalking to other menThe limitation of this study is that in view of the social stigma attached to domestic violence, some women have been averse to answer these questions and as a result have not answered them truthfully.

Romanticism And Realism Art And Literature English Literature Essay

love story And Realism Art And Literature English Literature EssayThe history of art and literature was developed to a lower place the influence of different intellectual movement, the most prominent and important of which are Romanticism and Realism. Romanticism was a multiplex artistic, literary and intellectual movement of 18th-19th snow that appeared in Europe and was spread entirely over the world. It appeared as a reaction to rationalism and mechanistic aesthetics of classicism and the Enlightenment. It was one of the most complex and internally contradictory phenomena in the history of culture. Disappointment in the ideals of the Enlightenment, in the results of the French Revolution, the denial of utilitarianism of modern earthly concern, the principles of bourgeois practicality, whose victims was human individuality, a pessimistic escort of prospects for social development were combined in romanticism with the desire of harmony and spiritual integrity of the individua l with a tendency towards infinity, the search for new, absolute and stark(prenominal) ideals. Sharp discord between the ideals and oppressive reality made romantics feel the morbidly fatalistic sense of indignation, bitter mockery of the discrepancy between dreams and reality. specialized of the romantic art is the problem of two worlds writers of that time compared and contrasted the real and imaginary worlds. And the reality, the prose of life with their utilitarianism and lack of spirituality were understood as subhuman empty sense, which strange the adjust world of values.Representatives of Romanticism sharply condemned urban culture and left it for description of the Middle Ages or nature. In the quiet life of countryside and simplicity they looked for the salvation from social problems of urban life, opposing it to a simple uncorrupted life of the province. Simple way of life was their ideal, and for example, William Wordsworth showed it in fiction. He set a draw rein to take a creative material from everyday life, to make out it in ordinary manner, using an ordinary language(Sutherland 125). In his Preface to Lyrical Ballads, he said that the chose an ordinary life because all components of it are natural and truthful, simple life does not contradict the beautiful and sustain equal forms of nature (Wordsworth 6). As a real romantic writer, Wordsworth wrote a lot about people and nature. Conventional farmers are well represented in the ballad We Are Seven, and for example his pilgrimage Book is an example of magnificent descriptions of nature.At the same time, another outstanding representative of English Romanticism, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the author of Ancient Mariner, Christabel and other novels, showed the strange mix of reality and fiction. He was the representative of English Romanticism, oriented on desire for the miraculous. Coleridge chose the cranial orbit of events and characters of fiction and romantic genre, giving them human inter est and a semblance of reality, which attracts readers. such(prenominal) gradual transition from reality to pure fantasy is the main reception of Coleridge it magically works in the Ancient Mariner, where incidents of an ordinary voyage transform to the area of wonders, where the natural and the supernatural merge into an indivisible unit.American Romanticism differed from European. In America, romantic ideas have contributed to the spiritual and aesthetic knowledge. Romantics argued that art more than science was able to express the truth. Romantics underscored the importance of art for people and the whole society. For example, in the essay The Poet, written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the most influential writers of Romanticism, the author stated each(prenominal) men live under the laws of truth and need a way to express their thoughts. The man is only a half of himself the second half of him is thats how he expresses his feelings (Emerson 109).Representatives of Romanticism criticized the reality, for example the works of American novelist William Howells The Lady of the Aroostook, Chance meeting show the strong influence of romanticism on the author. The novels of William Howells contain criticism of American reality, which increases and in later works even socialist ideas appear (Through the Eye of the Needle).Thus, the features of Romanticism in varying degrees are rough-cut for many artists. Romanticism is congenital in paintings and drawings of Swiss atomic number 1 Fuseli. In his works, grim sophisticated grotesque breaks in through the classical clarity of images. Also romantism is constituent(a) in recondite visionary works of poet and artist William Blake and works of the late Francisco Goya, full of unbridled fantasy, tragic pathos, and passionate protest against the national humiliation in Spain. In France, it is inherent in created during the revolutionary years heroic portraits by Jacques-Louis David, early dramatic compositions and p ortraits by Antoine-Jean Gros, dreamy and lyrical works of Pierre-Paul Prudhon and also in the works by Francois P. Gerard, who combines romantic tendencies with the academic methods.The works of many later Western romantics are imbued with pessimism in towards society. The heroes of many romantic works (Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand, Alfred de Musset, George Byron, Alfred de Vigny, Alphonse de Lamartine, Heinrich Heine, etc.) were influenced by the mood of hopelessness and despair, which acquired the common human nature. The main themes of works sounded like the perfection is lost forever, the world is ruled evil, the ancient chaos is resurrecting. The theme of terrible world was inherent to all romantic literature, and the most clearly it was embodied in the so-called black genre (in Gothic novel Ann Radcliffe, Charles Maturin in the drama of fate or catastrophe of fate Heinrich von Kleist, Franz Grillparzer), and also in the works of George Byron, Clemens Brentano, Ernst Theodo r Wilhelm Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.Realism was an intellectual movement, characterized by truthful and objective reflection of reality by specific means that were fantastic to various forms of art. During the historical development of art realism there were formed concrete forms of some creative methods, such as educational, critical, and socialist. Various realistic trends were verbalized in different types and genres of art.Hence, there were two opposite directions in the theory, one realism the desire of the art to reproduce, to show the reality truly and the other high-mindedness the desire of the art to complete the reality, to create new forms. And the starting point doesnt consist of real facts, but of ideal representation.The first American writer, who has fully realized the idea of realism in art, was Mark Twain. His work was developed under the influence of critical realism, which objectively reflected the American reality first in fishy a nd later in satiric way (Licentiousness of Print, Running For Governor). The authors later works, such as pamphlets and satirical short stories (The man who seduced Gedliberg, The United States of Lyncherdom, Monologue of the king) show the true face of American imperialism.Henry James was also one of the brightest representatives of realism he was one of the first in American literature, who spoke against the bourgeois cliche of reality. Dissatisfaction of American way of life forced him to move to Europe, so many characters of his works were the Americans who emigrated from the United States (Roderick Hudson, The American). In the novel, The Bostonians he sharply and uncompromisingly criticized the U.S. reality that is the scent of realism.Many realists wrote prose narrative stories about the fate of ordinary people, the epic of private life. The most important realist novel of the 18th century were written in the UK (Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Geor ge Smollett, Laurence Sterne), in France (Antoine Franois Prvost, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau), in Germany (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe). The most interesting fact is that very often the heroes of novels were not monarchs and nobles, but people of middle class the merchants, townspeople, soldiers, sailors, etc., showing them in everyday family life.There is also a need to mention that in the middle of the 19th century Realism changed. If the main characters of Stendhal, Balzac and Dickens could withstand ominous conditions, then European Realism of the 2nd half of the century represents mainly the alienation of personality, its leveling, the loss of character, will, the resilience of environment. It is particularly expressive shown by William Thackeray and Gustave Flaubert. However, this kind of alienation, part in the UK (George Eliot), but particularly in Russia (Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy) resisted adoption of high humanity and the struggle for humane ideals. The depth of philosophical problems in the works of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, the widest reporting of social reality, compassion for the fate of the insulted and injured, the subtlety of psychological analysis made these writers famous.Summarizing, it is possible to say that Realism in literature and art was characterized by the desire of artists to depict, represent the reality as it was. Artists of Realism represented the life in the way the person actually sees it, using the forms of the life itself. At the same time, Romanticism is characterized by denial of current reality, the criticism of capitalist civilization, new forms of subjugation of the masses, reproof of philistine stagnant and limited parties of the bourgeois culture and spiritual life. most(prenominal) representatives of Romanticism criticized the reality they were unsatisfied with it and couldnt accept it. Artists of both, Romanticism and Realism left a great heritage their wonderful works of art.

The Main Functions Of The Nervous System

The Main Functions Of The Nervous SystemThe restless frame is the control and confabulation system of the body. It sends and receives messages. The neural system controls each(prenominal) our body cases. It is do up of cardinal parts, the cardinal nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the mind-set and the spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia cord, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of the warmheartednesss and neurons.The central nervous system consists of the whiz and spinal cord.Diagram showing the divergent structures of the brain.The brain it is a large soft mass of nerve tissue that is contained inwardly a vault of bone called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, and otherwise supporting cells. The brain is composed of grey and purity matter. The grey matter is the nervous tissues that create the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matter. The human brains has more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our incarnate functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our bea of thought, creativity and consciousness.The spinal cord it is an ovoid of column of nervous tissue that average 44 cm in length when flattened. It expands from the medulla oblongata in the brain stem to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal canal. The spinal cord is the centre of reflexive action. at that place is a reflex arc that goes from the peripheral nerve to the spinal cord, up to the brain and back down to relay (spread) the action. The spinal cord is contained in a vertebral vault, and it passes down through a hole in each vertebrate. It is surrounded by other tissues, pia mat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), arachnoid mater and dura mater. These three maters are called meninges, and they surround the brain. The anterior of the H is made up of travel cells from the fibers that make up the motor portion of the peripheral nerves. The receptive neurons enter the posterior of the H.The peripheral nervous system this is the nerves on the periphery of the body. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is under the control of central nervous system (CNS) and similarly part of the peripheral nervous system, these nerves stay inside the body and effect variety meat and soft tissues. The autonomic nervous system is automatic, and in control of voluntary bodily functions. It is separated into two parts the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. It regulates the function of the glands, the adrenal medulla, smooth muscle tissue, organs and the heart.1.2 Explain the functions of each part of the nervous system.The nervous system is made up large numbers of units cognize as neurons. They send, receive and process the nerve impulses inside and outside the body. Sensory neurons convert physical stimuli, e.g. smell, light, or sound, into a ction possibilities, which are then transmitted to the spinal cord or brain. Afferent neurons pose information into the central nervous system. We also have the motor neurons which transmit nerve impulses (sudden urge) out-of-door from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands, and are known as efferent neurons. head word the noetic cortex is linked to three main varieties of activityMental activities this involved in memory, intelligence, spirit of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning. These are accredited to the higher centres.Sensory perception this includes the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell.Initiation and control to take off and control voluntary muscle contraction.The nerve cells initiate the contraction of voluntary muscles. Nerve fibres from Betzs cell move past descending through the intrinsic capsule to the medulla oblongata, and crosses to the opposite side and descends in the spinal cord. The mo tor region of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls voluntary movement of the left side of the body. There is a group of nerve cells called the motor speech (brocas) it controls the movement essential for speech. The postcentral (sensory) is the area that perceived sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, knowledge of muscular movement and position of joints. The parietal is believed to be connected with obtaining and retaining accurate knowledge of objects. We perceive verbalise word from the sensory speech, and the auditory (hearing) receive and meet transmitted impulses from the inside ear by the auditory nerves. The olfactory (smell) receives impulses from the nose via olfactory nerves and interpret it. Taste is the area where impulses from special nerves endings in taste bud and tongue, and in the lining of the cheeks, palate and pharynx are perceived as taste. The opthalmic is the area which receives and interprets impulses as impressions. There are grou ps of cells called known as nuclei, they act as relay stations. It passes one neurone to the other in chain. Some important passel of grey matter areBasal nuclei it is thought to influence skeletal muscle toneThalamus this is where sensory input from skin, viscera and special sense organs are transmitted to before redistribution to cerebrumHypothalamus it controls the output of hormones from both lobes of the gland, and it also control the autonomic nervous system, such as thirst, body temperature, hunger, heart and blood vessels vindicatory reactions.Spinal cord it is the centre of reflexive action. The reflex arc is the pathway of nerves through spinal cord. The first step of reflex arc is foreplay of a receptor nerve. They sense heat, coolness, pressure or over-stretching of the muscle. The sensory neuron transmits impulse to spinal cord. The sensory nerves link directly with a motor or glandular nerve, or go through in- surrounded by nerve and then to the motor of the glandul ar nerve, depending on the reflex being stimulated. The nerve sends signals to the muscles or glands to react. Visceral reflexes control heart muscle, glands and organs, and the somatic reflexes control involuntary movement of the skeletal muscles. The spinal cord does the followingsSupport the body and the skull, helps us to stand upright and maintain body balance.Flexible movement it allows and helps the head and neck move, and permit the body to stretch, lean, rotate and lean.It helps protect internal organs, such as heart and lungs.It provides bottom for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons (tough band connecting muscle to bone).It has bone marrow inside the bones of the spinal cord that produces red blood cells and also stores minerals.It connects the upper body to the pass up body.Its intervertebral discs acts like a shock absorber.Peripheral nervous system it is the autonomic nervous system which is part of the peripheral nervous system, that control the internal o rgans it consists of the motor neurons. It has two systems, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system. The autonomic nervous system controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscle of the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the fight or running away response. The parasympathetic is involved in relaxation. Each of the two functions in the reverse of the other (resentment). The two systems act in opposition to maintain homeostasis (state of equilibrium). The sympathetic nervous system promotes the following activitiesIt allows blood flow to skeletal muscles and the lungs.It diverts blood flow away from the gastro-intestinal tract and skin.It dilates bronchioles of the lung.Increases heart rate and the ability of cardiac cell (myocytes) to contract.Dilate pupils (opening in eye) and relaxes the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens.It narrows all intestinal sphincters and urinary sphincter.It inhibits (adverse ly view action of an organ) peristalsis.Responsible for the stimulation of orgasm.The parasympathetic nervous system promotesThe expansion of blood vessels leading to the gastro-intestinal tract, increasing blood flow.The constriction of bronchiolar diameter when the desire for oxygen has diminished.The constriction of the pupil (opening in the eye) and contraction of the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens.The stimulation of salivary gland secretion, and speed up peristalsis (muscle contraction).The erecting of genitals.The stimulation of sexual arousal.The control of the myocardium (heart muscle).3.2 Explain the transmission system of an impulse across a synapse.A synapse is the junction where communication between neurons and neurons between muscles takes place. Synaptic transmission starts when nerve impulse arrives at the pre-synaptic axon destination. The depolarisation (less polarity) of the pre-synaptic membrane starts series of events leading to sender release, and the activation of receptors that is on the post-synaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicle lives in different pool attached to the cytoskeleton in a reverse pool, or free in the cytoplasm. A number of the free vesicles make their way to the plasma membrane for docking, and sequence of primary reactions prepares the vesicular and plasma membranes for fusion. The membranes of the synaptic vesicles are drawn together passing through protein complexes that are articulated on the vesicle and pre-synaptic membranes. A depolarised axon close open voltage calcium channel and calcium ions run into the axon terminal and some of the calcium ions attach to a protein on the synaptic vesicle membrane known as synaptotagmin. The vesicles are drawn closer to the pre-synaptic membrane, when calcium attach to synaptotagmin on the synaptic vesicles adjacent to the active region. vector cargo is release into the synaptic cleft when the vesicles combine with the axon membrane. Some transmitter molecules attach to receptor molecules in the post-synaptic membrane. Post-synaptic cell response depends on neurotransmitter and receptor combination. After attaching acetylcholine, the channel opens and sodium ions enter the post-synaptic cell, and generate an exciting post-synaptic response. The transmitters are removed or inactivated quickly from the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine, an enzyme in the synaptic cleft, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks down Ach into choline and acetate. The transmitter released from the receptor causes the channel to close. Some transmitters are not broken down by enzymes and many transmitters rapidly clear from the synaptic cleft and taken into the pre-synaptic terminal by special proteins known as transporters. This process is called reuptake, it not only cut off synaptic activity quickly, but also allow the terminal to recycle transmitter molecules. Membrane needed for the creation of synaptic vesicles, is also recycled passing through endocytosi s of the pre-synaptic membrane. The recycled vesciles which are now filled with neurotransmitter molecules are ready for some other circle of synaptic transmission.4.1 Describe the main parts of the brain and explain their functions.The brain it is a large soft mass of nerve tissue that is contained within a vault of bone called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, supporting cells. The brain is composed of grey and white matter. The grey matter is the nervous tissues that formed the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matter. The human brains has more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our bodily functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our area of thought, creativity and consciousness.Functions of the brain the functions of the three main parts of the brain are the followingsThe cerebrum this is the largest portion of the bra in, it occupies about 2/3 fractions of the human brain. The cerebral hemisphere is separated into two by a longitudinal fissure. The two hemispheres are linked by a fibre called corpus callosum that consists of long bundles of closely packed nerve fibres of about 10cm long. The corpus callosum has about 200 million of nerve fibres.The cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes by three deep grooves called fissures. From the front part of the brain to the back is known as the Frontal lobe, the Temporal lobe, parietal lobe and Occipital. The right part of the brain controls the left part of the body while the left part of the brain controls the right.Frontal lobe- It is involved in inner observe of complex thoughts, actions and creative ideas. The anterior (front) portion of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex. The posterior (back) of the frontal lobe consists of the motor and premotor areas. Nerve cells that produce movement are located in the motor areas.Temporal lobe- it helps in the decoding and interpretation of sounds. It is the centre for memory and emotions. It also helps in language comprehension.Occipital lobe it decodes and interprets the visual information, such as shapes and colours.parietal lobe- it is the main area for feelings, touch, hot, cold and pain. It takes different bits of information from the surroundings, organises it and communicates it to other part of the brain.The cerebral cortex this is the outside surface of the cerebrum with a layer of 2-4mm thick. It has a hoar brown look, and it is referred to as the gray matter. The surface of cerebral cortex is divided into large number of folds, which increases the surface area of the brain.The Diencephalon it is made up of in the first place subcortical nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus. .Thalamus it lays crossway to the cerebrum. The thalamus plays an important part in the link between the sense organs and cerebral cortex. It receives bulk of incoming signal from th e sense organs. It also determines the source of signals, evaluates their importance integrates them and passes them to the cerebrum.Hypothalamus it lies in the base of thalamus, weighs about 4 gm with a small vascularised structure. It is only about 1/300 of the total brain mass. It incorporates and manages visceral activities. It maintains homeostasis and the bodys internal equilibrium. The hypothalamus corrects the rate of heart beat and respiration whenever they go wrong. It is known as the control centre for fight and flight (Control Mind, 2010).The mid brain this component forms the middle part of the brain. It controls the activity of voluntary muscles. It is made up of four small lobes called the corpora quadrigemina. The upper part is colliculi which receives sensory informations from eyes and muscles of the head it controls all the visual reflexes and coordinates the movements of the head and eyes. The lower part control part of colliculi and receives sensory impulses fro m the ears and muscles of the head. (Control Mind, 2010).The hind brain It is made up of the followingsCerebellum it is the second largest part of the brain and it consists of two cerebral hemispheres. They are located at the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. The cerebellum assists in the maintenance posture and balance of the body. It plays an important role in overbearing the fast muscular activities of the brain, e.g., running and talking.Medulla Oblongata this is the posterior part of the brain which links the other parts of the brain to the spinal cord. The medulla controls the subconscious activities, e.g., digestion and breathing.Brain stem it is part of the brain that controls basic functions that are necessary for maintaining blood pressure, eye movements, heartbeat, swallowing and breathing.Pons Varoli it is the base of the brain stem. It connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. It relays the information between cerebrum and cerebellum. It is the part of the brain that controls arousal and control respiration (Quizlet, 2010).

Analysis of Bernard MacLavertys My Dear Palestrina Essay example -- M

Analysis of Bernard MacLavertys My Dear Palestrina My Dear Palestrina is a cleverly pen short story by Bernard MacLaverty. It is active this young boy called Danny who discovers his musical talent and goes to this piano teacher called look out over Swartz. Their friendship develops and seem to be a formidable partnership until Danny is torn away from his beloved music lessons because of Miss Schwartz private life. Fitted into the story are some important themes that still continue to follow in todays society. In this essay I will try to explain most of them to you.The most notable theme is how the prejudice of mess can never be overcome. This is weaved into the story by the relationship of Danny and Miss Schwartz working well to beguileher until the very end when Danny is stopped from red to Miss Schwartz because of other quite a littles prejudice. Bernard MacLaverty has focused mostly on this theme because of Danny and Miss Schwartz being the main characters so by focusing th e theme with them it allows the readers to read more about the prejudice of people. The barriers of social clan is another theme I detect in the story due to the disliking of Dannys father towards the local Blacksmith. I noticed that Dannys father doesnt like the blacksmith because he says If hes pouring the same poison into your ear, son, as hes been spewing out in the pub hes a bad influence Dannys father and the Blacksmiths feuds also represent some civil conflict between people in the story. The theme of friendship is also included in the story because Danny and Miss Schwartz do wealthy person a good friendship going finished most of the story and there is also a bit of love in the story because Danny seems to have a bit of a crush on Miss Schwartz. I can see that Danny has a slight crush on Miss Schwartz because on page 10 it says, In the darkness Danny had to get close to look along the line of her arm. He smelt her perfume and the slightest taint of her own smell, felt his face brush the texture of her clothing. The voice communication used in that phrase is what you would expect from someone who is in love with someone. The writer has chosen these themes to make the story more enjoyable and to spice up the relationships and characteristics of characters and has developed them with the growing of Danny. The local Blacksmith is an unshaven and dirty character who has very passionate views about... ...den and have very personal conversations. Its in the winter when Danny is stopped from going to see Miss Schwartz and it seems as though their relationship reaches a high climax and is then forcefully taken to a sudden stop.My Dear Palestrina was an enjoyable little story which was really pleasant to read. It appealed to me because of the way it was masterfully written with plenty of hidden meanings. The authors chosen themes were really up to date and I cogitate its that which is the reason that I liked it. Take the theme of prejudice for example, ot her peoples prejudice exist today in most peoples lives and is shown everyday. The theme of social class is not so much involved in life today but for me it added something different to the story to make it more enjoyable. The theme of friendship was in there to give the story a warm feel to it and I really liked it. If their was a fault in My Dear Palestrina I would have to say it tends to be a bit slow to read in bits. All in all though I thoroughly enjoyed reading it. I always know I like a story when at the end you feel sorry for a character and it just so happens that at the end of My Dear Palestrina I felt sorry for Danny.

My Dream of Becoming a Veterinarian Essay -- Admissions Essays

My Dream of Becoming a VeterinarianAs far game as Dawn can remember she has always dreamed of fit a veterinarian. It all started when Dawns parents gave her, Samson, Doberman pinscher puppy as her first pet. They grew up to commence best friends. At age 12, her best friend had positive a tumor on his chest. It devastated Dawn that she could do nothing for her friend. She had no way of helping him. This was just one of the signs that everything she had felt in her heart was meant to be. For her, to become a veterinarian, so she could help animals. While in exalted school, she volunteered in vets office so she could be closer to animals. After high school, she had planned on going to college to follow her dream. However, support had other plans for her, she discovered she was pregnant. Following her dreams had to go on the back burner for now. Dawn tried to find a job that would support her & her son. All she could find was minimum wage jobs with crazy hours. Therefore, she went to a local college & signed up for classes, she was going to major in Accounting. She was trade good at math in high school she thought that Accounting would be a great job. It was not her dream job but in the end, Accounting would pay the bills. At the end of her first year of college, she discovered she was again pregnant with her second son. After the birth of her second son, she was involved in an abusive relationship with the father of her son. Dawn took time off from school to get her life in order if not for her for her children. After getting her life in order, she graduated from college with an Associates Degree in Accounting. After getting her degree, she worked several jobs such as an Accounts Payable Clerk, an Administrative Assistant, an Offic... ...ght thing. Soon, she started believing herself. She decided she was going to bring up the same schools she had planned to attend back in high school, Morehead State University & Auburn University. Dawn started to doubt h erself again. How could she identify in a school with battalion ten years younger than her? What would they think of her going back to school at her age especially for what she wanted to do? How will she ever make it? However, Dawn being the determined person she is wasnt going to let anything stop her this time. It was now or never plus she wasnt going back to school for them she was going for her & her family. She has to keep her mind heading in the right direction. No matter what Dawn feels, she will always be a smaller bit scared. But you just cannot live by being scared life will happen the way it is supposed to happen you just bring forth to enjoy the ride.

put it down :: essays research papers

put it downThe most hotly contested battlefield in the gender wars whitethorn not necessarily be in the bedroom. It may be the bathroom. The crumb-up vs. seat-down debate rages on and some interpret this as a sign of male insensitiveness and overall cloddishness. Although it doesnt rate up there with the unisex gismo in the Ally McBeal television show, the signage for the hindquarterss at one Phoenix, Arizona advertising-public relations firm is an eye-catcher. or else of the plain old "Men" and "Women" on the politically slouch male and female door signs, the restrooms entries at Cramer-Krasselt are adorned with tasteful, nearly look-alike 3-inch even up photos of a toilet. There is one difference -- one has the seat up and the other has the seat down. Is someone trying to tell us something? Come on, guys perhaps its time to be a detailed more considerate. same paying circumspection to the little things. As a professional speaker, I lead seminars on perso nal relationships. In our discussions of "paying attention to the little things," taking the garbage out, leaving the toilet seat up and rolling the toilet paper the ravish carriage (among other things) seem to almost always bootlick into the conversation. Although we may laugh at such trivial things, the truth is, it is important to our partners to do the little things consistently. It shows them we value and respect them. Inventor, Tim Seniuk has the perfect solution to the "leaving the toilet seat up" problem. He has invented a toilet seat that goes down automatically afterward about two minutes. This $37 investment could save your nuptialsYou will never again have to worry about experiencing the "porcelain splash" in the nerve of the night -) Indifference is like water to a fire. The flak of love grows dim with indifference to your partners needs. By far the most common and important way in which you can exercise your attention to your partner is by listening. Listening is an act of love. Women can often tell a mans interest in them by the length of his attention span. It is one thing to pay attention and quite another to acknowledge her request and then remember to do it more than at one time without having to be reminded. She is not your mother. It is unreasonable, and a breach of trust, to deny your lovers get across of her feelings. When she expresses a need, its your responsibility to do what you can to fulfil that need.put it down essays research cover put it downThe most hotly contested battlefield in the gender wars may not necessarily be in the bedroom. It may be the bathroom. The seat-up vs. seat-down debate rages on and some interpret this as a sign of male insensitivity and overall cloddishness. Although it doesnt rate up there with the unisex restroom in the Ally McBeal television show, the signage for the toilets at one Phoenix, Arizona advertising-public relations firm is an eye-catcher. Instead of the p lain old "Men" and "Women" on the politically correct male and female door signs, the restrooms entries at Cramer-Krasselt are adorned with tasteful, nearly look-alike 3-inch square photos of a toilet. There is one difference -- one has the seat up and the other has the seat down. Is someone trying to tell us something? Come on, guys Maybe its time to be a little more considerate. Like paying attention to the little things. As a professional speaker, I lead seminars on personal relationships. In our discussions of "paying attention to the little things," taking the garbage out, leaving the toilet seat up and rolling the toilet paper the wrong way (among other things) seem to almost always creep into the conversation. Although we may laugh at such trivial things, the truth is, it is important to our partners to do the little things consistently. It shows them we value and respect them. Inventor, Tim Seniuk has the perfect solution to the "leaving the toile t seat up" problem. He has invented a toilet seat that goes down automatically after about two minutes. This $37 investment could save your marriageYou will never again have to worry about experiencing the "porcelain splash" in the middle of the night -) Indifference is like water to a fire. The flame of love grows dim with indifference to your partners needs. By far the most common and important way in which you can exercise your attention to your partner is by listening. Listening is an act of love. Women can often tell a mans interest in them by the length of his attention span. It is one thing to pay attention and quite another to acknowledge her request and then remember to do it more than once without having to be reminded. She is not your mother. It is unreasonable, and a breach of trust, to deny your lovers report of her feelings. When she expresses a need, its your responsibility to do what you can to fulfil that need.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlets Madness :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlets Madness What is madness? Is someone mad merely because they are different, anddo they in come about see the same about the world? The dictionary defines madnessas, 1. the state of being mad insanity. 2. senseless folly. 3. frenzyrage. 4. intense excitement or hilarity. though is there a differencebetween madness and wrath or rage? Was Hamlet mad, or was it one big act in monastic order to give rea male child for his irrational actions and to keep his vengeful motivesconfidential? In Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, these questions are continually askedand some are answered. Hamlet, the protagonist, has lost his father by murder,and is urged to explore vengeance by his father who appears to him as a ghost.This raises the first bit of suspicion of madness. Hamlet talks with his fatherand is told, Hamlet If thou didst ever thy lamb father love- Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. Most would say that the fact that he saw the ghost of his dead father wouldbe comme il fau t to warrant that he is insane. The only fact that hinders thisobservation is the fact that others saw the ghost as well and were even the oneswho told young Hamlet of his appearance. Many whitethorn see Hamlet being insane only by the worldly view of him beingdifferent. Though towards the end of the play in Act III, Gertrude calls her sonto her chambers to discuss the reasoning of his putting on a play so closelyrelated to the death of his father. She tells him how upset Claudius is and isweary of Hamlets recent actions. At this Hamlet explodes on his mother andthreatens to kill her. Gertrude cries for help, and Pilonius answers this cry.Hamlet runs him through with his rapier without even thinking. Hamlet tells herto report to Claudius this message Gertrude Mad as the sea and finish up when both contend Which is mightier. In his lawless fit, Behind the arras hearing something stir, Whips out his rapier, cries A rat, a rat, And in this brainish apprehension kills The unseen intel ligent old man.This incident shows Hamlets wanting others to think that he is truly mad. Butwas it his insanity that brought about the rash action of killing the unknownman butt the tapestry or was it his postponed revenge that consumed him. Isthere a difference? Hamlet in many incidences tells people of his insanity, he tellsGuildenstern that he is mad. Guildenstern My lord, we were sent for.